Lesson 4 The Trial That Rocked the World
全文翻译
震惊世界的审判
约翰·司科普斯
1.在1925年7月那个闷热的日子里，当我在被挤得水泄不通的法庭刚就位时，人群中响起一阵嗡嗡声。为我辩护的是鼎鼎大名的刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯·达罗。担任主控官的则是口才先进的雄辩演说家威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩。他曾三次被提名为美国民主党总统候选人，还是促成对我进行审判的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导者。
2.几个星期之前，我还只不过田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，目前我却忽然变成了一场举世瞩目的审判的当事人。到庭为我作证有以哈佛大学的科特里·马瑟教授为首的十几位杰出的教授和科学家。还有一百多名新闻记者在场，甚至还有广播电台播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在大家静候着法庭开审的时候，达罗亲切地搂着我的肩膀小声安慰我说：“放心吧，青年，大家会给他们点厉害瞧瞧的。”
3.我到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就忽然即将来临到我的头上。几年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按字面意思去理解《旧约全书》,而现代主义者则同意查尔斯·达尔文的进化论——觉得所有动物，包含猿和人，都是由同一祖先进化而来的。
4.在田纳西州，原教旨主义权势非常强，州立法机构不久前还通过了一项禁止公并进授任何有悖《圣经》上宣讲的上帝创造万物的理论”的法令。这项新法律的矛头直指达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项新法律而常与当地人进行辩论。在一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，其他人要讲授生物学，就不可以不提到进化论。由于我一直在教生物学，所以就把我叫了去。
5.“拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。
6.“那样你就触有法律，”他们中的一位说。
7.“其他所有些教师也都触有法律，”我回答说。/亨特所著的《普通生物学》一书就讲到了进化论，那是大家的教科书。”
8.拉普利亚于是建议，“大家就将此事出货法庭判决吧，看这是不是合法。”
9.当我于5月7日被正式起诉时，哪个也没料到，特别是我本人更没想到我的这个案子竟会越闹越大，以至于成为美国历史上最著名的审判之一。美国公民自由网盟宣布：如有必要，网盟将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。之后，布莱恩自告奋勇地需要帮助州政府对我进行起诉。随即著名律师克拉伦斯·达罗也提出为我辩护。具备讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我与达罗素不相识，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我在念大学的时候，他来学校做演讲。虽然我并不赞成他的看法，但我非常敬佩他。
10.到7月十日庭审开始的时候，大家这个拥有1500人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹氛围。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。法庭的三层红砖楼房周围的街道上忽然冒出了很多横七竖八的摊点，供应热狗、宗教书本和西瓜。福音传教士们在街上支起帐篷，向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。起草了反对进化论法令的约翰·巴特勒就是其中一个。他是一名49岁的农场主，在他被选为立法机构的成员之前，他还从未走出过本县。
11.主审法官是约翰·劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男子。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道：“我只不过个普通的山区法官。”布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。帮助他起诉的人当中有他的儿子汤姆·斯图尔特，也是个律师，而且是田纳西州年轻有为的检察长。我的辩护人中除去68岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、魔力十足的43岁的达德雷·费尔德·马隆和斯斯文文、学识渊博，特别精通法律的阿瑟·伽费尔德·黑斯。在这场宗教起重点用途的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我爸爸还特意从肯塔基州赶来与我一块面对这次审判。
12.法官请来当地的牧师主持开庭的祷告仪式，接着审判就开始了。陪审团的12名成员中，有三人除《圣经》以外没读过其他的书，另有一人则根本不识字。难怪我爸爸气愤地骂道：“这真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!”
13.履行完法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来第一发言。“我的朋友检察长先生适才说约翰·司科普斯了解他为何会被带上法庭，”达罗拖长着声音“我也了解他为何会被带上法庭。他目前之所以在这儿，就是由于愚昧和偏见横行，而且这两者结合在一块，形成了一股强大的权势。”
14.达罗绕着蒸笼一样闷热的法庭踱着方步。“今天被告是教师，”他接着说。“明天就会轮到杂志、书本和报纸。要不了多长时间，整个社会就会形成一种人与人为敌，教派与教派对立的局面，最后大家的社会将会大踏步地退回到十六世纪时的光辉年代。在那时，对于任何胆敢向人类传授智慧、常识和文化的人，偏执狂们就会搭起柴堆将它活活烧死。”
15.他的话音刚落，就听见一个妇女高声咕哝了一句：“这个该死的异教徒!”
16.第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证，出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们羞怯地冲我咧嘴傻笑。他们向法庭作证说我向他们宣传过进化论，但又快点补充说他们并没因此而遭到毒害。他们中有一个叫霍华德·摩根，14岁，是个机灵聪明的小孩子。他作证说我对他们说过，人跟牛、马、狗、猫一样都是哺乳动物。
17.“他该没说猫和人是完全一样的吧?”达罗问道。
18.“没，先生，”那孩子说道。“他说人是有思维能力的。”
19.“这话怕还未必吧!”达罗哼着鼻子说。
20.证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起身向陪审团陈辞。问题非常简单，他说：“基督徒相信人来首天上，而进化论者则觉得人来自地下。”旁听的群众忍不住咯咯地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥舞着一本生物学教科书，一边谴责那些特意赶到戴顿镇为我作证的科学家们。
21.“《圣经》,”他用洪亮的嗓音吼道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们驱逐出这个法庭的。这类专家们来到这里无非是想证明倡导人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝根据天意，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的怎么看是并行不悖的。”
22.他说完这番话时，下巴抬得老高，眼中闪烁着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发热烈的掌声并高喊“阿门”。但好像还是缺少了点什么东西：昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈火般横扫政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们好像感觉他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有些辩才击败那些异端分子。
23.达德雷·费尔德·马隆跳将起来反驳布莱恩。“布莱恩可不是惟一有权为《圣经》辩护的人，”他说。“在大家这个国家，有不少人将我们的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教，而布莱恩先生却激情澎湃地将我们的大半生命献给了政治。”布莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆的嗓音也随之升高。他呼吁学术自由并指责布莱恩存心挑起一场科学与宗教之间的生死决斗。
24.“从来无人能同真理决斗，”他怒吼，“真理一直会胜利—大家并不害怕这一点。真理无需布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，并且无需依赖凡火机构去维护它!”
25.马隆结束发言时，法庭里有一会儿的沉默，紧接着法庭里爆发出一阵雷鸣般的掌声，超越了为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中胜出，法官还是决定不允许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。
26.休庭期间，大家发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处都挤满了陌生人，每一个角落里都有一些小商贩在叫卖货物。有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错——就在里面。还有一个商人租用了一个商店橱窗用来展出一只猿猴。大家掏钱来观看这只猿猴，并思量自己是不是与它有哪些渊源。
27.“这个可怜的畜牲用双手捂着双眼，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者如此写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。”
28.H-L·门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写着辛辣讽刺的电讯文稿。他在文中称当地居民是“乡巴佬”,因此大家议论着要将他驱逐出镇。22名报务员天天要拍发165,000字的报道这场庭审的电文。
29.因为天气炎热，加上担忧古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，审判活动改在户外枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有些坐在长条木凳上，有些蹲在草地上，有些趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有些人则从窗户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。
30.接着审判高潮到来了。因为反进化论法律条文的限制，控方只得坚持需要严格按字面意义讲解《圣经》的立场。此时，达罗忽然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官满脸诧异。“大家要他当证人是由于他是《圣经》研究专家，”达罗说道。“作为经学权威，他的声誉是举世公认的。”
31.布莱恩满腹狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里到底卖的什么药，但他又不可以拒绝这一挑战。多年来他一直在四处解说《圣经》,并且还针对《圣经》专门著书立说。甚至在反进化论法令还没通过之前，他就在田纳西州发起过反达尔文主义的运动。这个时候，只见他手里拿着一把芭蕉扇，像是握着一把退敌的利剑似的，表情毅然决然，大步流星地向证人席走去。
32.在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的“阿门”的喊声。
33.达罗翻开《创世纪》念道：“夜尽晨来乃第一天也。”下面他问布莱恩是不是相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。
34.“没太阳之前又如何会有早晨和晚上呢?”达罗问道。
35.布莱恩闷声不响地挠着我们的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些真诚的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面摆弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是不是相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了一定的回答。
36.“那样你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那将来永远匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?”
37.“我相信那是真的。”
38.“那样,你是否知道在那以前蛇类是怎么样行走的呢?”
39.观审的人群哄堂大笑起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他提升了嗓音手里拿着的扇子也一个劲儿地抖动着。
40.“法官大人，”他说。“我这就回答达罗先生所有些问题。我要让世界了解这个不把上帝放在眼里的人正在借助田纳西州法庭诽谤上帝……”
41.“我反对这种说法，”达罗大声说道。“我只不过在检验你那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没什么有学问的基督徒会相信你那些想法。”
42.法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。
43.布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我由衷地替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。
44.第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，他们只轻声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被处以罚款100USD，并支付诉讼成本。
45.达德雷·费尔德·马隆称这次庭审结果对我来讲是一次“胜利的失败”。有几家南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后不到两天便在戴顿过世。
46.学校请我回去任教，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金，因此我得以继续进修自然科学。后来，我成了一家石油企业的地质学专家。
47.前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后首次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物依然，只不过多了一所威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯瞰着下面的山谷。
48.还有一些其他方面的变化。在田纳西州已经可以公开讲授进化论了，尽管那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯·达罗和达德雷·费尔德·马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。
训练答案
Ⅱ.
A.
1.Dayton,Tennessee is a small town in the mountains where fundamentalism was strong and a clash had been built up between the fundamentalists and the modernists.I am impressed that people in the town are bigoted and ignorant and many of them had never read any book except the Bible,nor had they traveled outside their native county.This town is somewhat backward.
2.John Scopes was a science teacher at a secondary school in Dayton,Tennessee.He taught evolution in his class,which is considered violating the law,thus he got involved in the trial.
3.Because the trial was about the problem of intellectual and academic freedom and the result of the trial would affect the whole country,even the whole world,the media flocked to the small town of Dayton,to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side with a lot of interest and enthusiasm and the trial was reported the world over.
4.The main argument of Darrow's opening speech is that it is absolutely wrong for teachers to teach scientific theory.If it is allowed,there won't be intellectual or academic freedom and the whole society will be retrogressing to the dark age of the 16th century.
5.Bryan believed in what was said in the Bible and argued that man is made by God in His image.Malone responded to his argument by saying that having given most of his life to politics,Mr.Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible and the truth is eternal and always wins and needs no human agency to support it.
6.Henry Louis Mencken was an American editor and satirist.Because he referred to the local citizenry as yokels during the Scopes trial and wrote syndicated columns from Dayton for the Baltimore Sun 7.Darrow's trump card was to cal Bryan as a witness for the defense.Although Bryan knew it was a trap,but he had no choice but to accept the challenge and at last fell into the trap. 8.Since Bryan was an expert on the Bible and enjoyed a worldwide reputation as an authority on scripture,it's unexpected that Bryan was invited as a witness for the defense.Byron was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally due to the wording of the anti-evolution law and Darrow/while questioning Bryan on Genesis,successfully pointed out the loopholes in the Bible,and won hands down in the episode Therefore,the writer called the questioning of Bryan by Darrow on Genesis the climax.Darrow won in this episode 9.The verdict of the trial was guilty and John Scopes was fined 100 dollars.John Scopes lost the case in court but he actually won the case since more people are clearer about evolution and the teaching of evolution expanded and moved to a new stage,so Malone called Scopes' conviction a"victorious defeat".I think the State of Tennessee and John Scopes both won the case since Tennessee is more reasonable and less blind than ever and Scopes although losing the case in court and being fined 100 dollars and cosplayts,still has a bright future in his life. B. 1.The writer did not begin the story from the very beginning.The first paragraph gives some information about the time and space of the trial and people on the defense side and the prosecution side.And it arouses the reader's curiosity and interest in finding out more about the trial. 2.The section of Paragraphs 2-9 tells the reader what has led to the world famous trial. 3. 1)The section of Paragraphs 10-15 describes the circus surroundings of the town where the trial will take place,the judge,the jury and the composition of the prosecution and the defense side and also introduces Darrow's opening statement. 2)The highlight of this section is Darrow's opening statement. 3)Darrow was sarcastic and contemptuous when he referred to 16th century as the"glorious age". 4. 1)Paragraphs 16-25 is about the debate between the prosecution and the defense side;to be specific,the highlight of this section is about the debate between Darrow and Bryan. 2)Bryan is a rather good orator.Humorous and eloquent,he knows how to attract the attention of the audience.For example,he opened his prosecution by declaring "The Christian believes that man came from above.The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below".This statement will definitely create a very deep impression on the audience,the judge as well as the jury. 5.The section of Paragraphs 26-28 describes what the town of Dayton is like during the adjournment of the trial. 6.Some of the characteristics of the language used by Bryan,Darrow and Malone in the court are as follows: 1)Formal language style is employed. 2)archaic or rarely used words and expressions 3)foreign words and Latinisms 4)long complex sentences with intricate coordination and subordination 5)widespread use of the passive voice 7. 1)The last two paragraphs are about the writer's impression of Dayton when he pays a visit to the town 37 years later and the changes the town has undergone after the trial. 2)The writer ends the article by telling the reader the significance of the trial and how the trial had affected the schools and一legislative offices of the United States. Ⅲ. 1.We will use some clever and unexpected tactics and give them a surprise in the trial. 2.The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently. 3.I was the last one to expect that my case would develop into one of the most famous trials in American history. 4.That's an extremely inappropriate jury,too ignorant and partial. 5.Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach scientific theory;soon the newspapers and magazines will not be allowed to express new ideas,to spread knowledge of science. 6."It is doubtful whether man has reasoning power,"said Darrow sarcastically,scornfully. 7.….accused Bryan of demanding that a life or death struggle be fought between science and religion. 8.People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and human beings could have a common ancestry. 9.Darrow surprised everyone by asking for Bryan as a witness for Scopes,which was a brilliant idea. 10.Darrow had gotten the best of Bryan,who looked helplessly lost and pitiable as everyone ignored him and rushed past him to congratulate Darrow.When I saw this,I felt sorry for Bryan. IV. A. 1.on hand:present,available 2.master:teacher;master as a term for teacher is outdated in the US 3.squarely:directly 4.stand:a small often outdoor shop or place for showing things hot dog:a cooked sausage in a bun,sometimes seen as a symbol of American culture 5.florid-faced:face flushed with rosy color;ruddy face 6.steeped in:immersed;thoroughly familiar with 7.warm:to become more enthusiastic,animated 8.thunder:to shout loudly 9.reconcile:to find agreement between;make compatible 10.volume:fullness or loudness of sound 11.hawker:a person who peddles goods in the streets by shouting wares:kinds of goods that a store,merchant,peddler etc.has to sell 12.cosplayt:in a trial,the person losing the case has to pay lawyer fees for both sides 13.on the books:recorded,listed,not can celled. B. 1.a reassuring arm:in a reassuring manner,a friendly gesture to put John at ease,since the arm can't be reassuring 2.my head:person,me 3.marching backwards to the glorious age:retrogressing to the dark age of the 16th century,expressed in an ironical tone 4.there is some doubt about that:“It is doubtful whether manhas reasoning power,”Darrow said in a contemptuous way. 5.came from below:The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals.The implication is there is nothing lofty,noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist. 6.fierce fervor:swept the political arena like a prairie fire:despite his eloquence,he was not as forceful and persuasive as he used to be 7.scorch:wither,thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory:his breath coming out heatedly as he spoke 8.a duel:a life and death fight 9.storm of applause:loud,noisy applause,like a thunderstorm 10.victorious defeat:In Malone's view,although Scopes was found guilty,they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to the importance of intellectual freedom. V. A. 1.I did not anticipate that I would get involved in this dispute. 2.You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something. 3.Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation violates the law. 4.The jury deliberated and brought in a verdict of guilty. 5.He thought the two views could be reconciled. 6.The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant. 7.When he read articles,he always had a dictionary on hand. 8.The construction of the dam got under way before any environment impact assessment had been done. B. 1.原教旨主义者坚持严格按字面意思去理解《旧约全书》,而现代主义者则同意查尔斯·达尔文的进化论——觉得所有动物，包含猿和人，都是由同一祖先进化而来的。 2.在一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，其他人要讲授生物学 就不可以不提到进化论。 3.附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。 4.“他目前之所以在这儿，就是由于愚昧和偏见横行，而且这两者结合在一块，形成了一股强大的权势。” 5.“《圣经》,”他用洪亮的嗓音吼道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们驱逐出这个法庭的。这类专家们来到这里无非是想证明倡导人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝根据天意，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的怎么看是并行不悖的。” 6.“真理是永存的、不朽的，并且无需依赖凡人机构去维护它!” 7.然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中胜出，法官还是决定不允许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。 8.“我只不过在检验你那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没什么有学问的基督徒会相信你那些想法。” 9.达德雷·费尔德·马隆称这次庭审结果对我来讲是一次“胜利的失败”。 10.由克拉伦斯·达罗和达德雷·费尔德·马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。 C. See the translation of the text. VI. 1.The narrator was a Negro in Memphis at the turn of the 20th century.Obviously,the narrator worked in a bank. 2.He read in the Memphis Commercial Appeal an editorial attacking and denouncing H.L.Mencken.The narrator became curious about this man because the only people he had ever heard denounced in the South were Negroes,and this man was not a Negro.So he wanted to know more about Mencken and decided to find more information in the library but Negroes were not allowed to borrow books there.He was trying to find a way to get the books without causing suspicion among the whites he worked with. 3.The rest of the story will be probably about how the narrator succeeded in getting the books and what he found out. 更多热门资讯及订单请查询
